In the present Romanian society appeared in a very large number the litigation situations regarding real estate and land. In this respect, the technical expert brings a fundamental contribution because the answers he provides to the requested objectives help the court to solve the case. Litigation occurs mainly between physical persons and between legal / physical persons and state institutions.

The article examines the process of the emergence, shaping and functioning of the real property market in the Republic of Moldova and dwells on the factors that influence its shaping and development. The paper presents the market development dynamics, considers main problems and suggests their possible solutions.

This article presents the DROUGHTSAT project and its preliminary results related to the soil moisture accounting based on self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index and water use for irrigation in the main agricultural areas. The used data and methods consist in monthly temperature and precipitation amounts, from ECAD database covering 27 meteorological stations and statistical data regarding the water use for irrigation. The results present the relationship between drought and water use.

The necessity for navigation conditions improvement on the Lower Danube lead to the construction of a submerged bottom sill on the Bala branch. This paper presents differences that occurred between riverbed bathymetry and water current velocity values recorded in measurements campaigns using multibeam and ADCP techniques carried out before and after the bottom sill was built (June 2013 and March 2016). The comparative hydromorphological analysis showed the emergence of erosion areas up to -17.4 m and deposition areas up to 9.5 m. As for the hydrodynamic alterations, above the new built bottom sill, the water current velocity values of over 3.0 m/s were recorded.

In present Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are extensively used for national geodetic networks development and surveying. However, there are some applications where GNSS observations have to be integrated with traditional three-dimensional terrestrial geodetic measurements (e.g., underground engineering surveying, hydro electrical construction monitoring etc.). In order to integrate the GNSS observations and traditional measurements using total stations, it is necessary to know the Deflection of the Vertical (DoV), defined as the angle between the gravity vector that coincide with plumb line and the ellipsoidal normal in a given point. This paper is focused on studies of DoV components influence on the traditional terrestrial three-dimensional geodetic measurement: distance, horizontal and vertical angles. DoV components were calculated in the test network using geodetic (ellipsoidal) height differences determined by GNSS measurements and normal height differences from levelling network. The preliminary results show the necessity to use 1-II order levelling measurements and at least 1 hour GNSS observation in order to determine DoV components with a level of precision comparable to the angular accuracy achievable by 1 arcsec precision total station.

Tourism suitability refers to a certain touristic potential development regarding an area, considering the natural environment resources, the existing infrastructure and the number of tourists that visit the area for a certain amount of time. Tourism suitability also indicates how tourism resources can be exploited in a given area. To determine tourism suitability of the wetlands a set of spatial and statistical data with various sources were used. In the purpose of creating a set of maps that can reflect the level of tourism suitability, there were used spatial and statistical data for every locality that has a wetland nearby, data such as: localities and wetland placement, transportation network, bird, fish and amphibianspecies distribution, accommodation, inhabitants, tourists. The results of the analysis offered a series of indicators for tourism activities such as wetland suitability per locality.

his paper aims to develop a GIS analysis to simulate public transportation in Roman Municipality. For this purpose, five routes, with minibuses as means of transportation, have been defined. Shared transport was analysed using the attributes inserted in the database and with the ArcMap Network Analyst extension. Using ArcGIS Network Analyst, we can identify the area of influence of an economic objective on any location on the map representing the network. The Neighbourhood Determination Function allows establishing the minimum distance between a point on the network and the closest socio-economic objective, by specifying the number of goals to be taken into account and the maximum time spent on the movement. The functions of determining the directions of travel (Driving Directions Function) generate text and map reports, while routing determining functions allow generating routes with specific attributes (time, distance, restrictions and barriers - natural or anthropic) between two or more points, with one or more stops along it and determines the optimum route by ordering points on a track to minimize the costs. GIS modelling is done using the procedures contained in the spatial analysis, which ultimately leads to a decision-making prediction. The operations involved in the modelling can be performed directly on the map layers and in combination with the associated attributes

National Centre of Cartography conducted between May 2016 - September 2017 the execution project "Establishment of a gravimetric polygon of calibration in Sinaia, Prahova County". The gravimetric polygon consists of 5 stations spread over a distance of 11 km and is located at a maximum altitude difference of 775 m covering a gravity interval of 160 mGal. The polygon will be used to check the accuracy of relative spring gravimeter before and after the measurements in the gravimetric network, and to determine the calibration factor/constant for recalibrating our gravimeters. In this article are presented the main activities to create the gravimetric polygon, the results obtained so far and the prospects for the coming years

During the last years, in Romania there were complex situations involving restoration of property rights by the authorized bodies. A big step was made in 2013, when the applicable law was changed by Law no.165/2013. Between 2013 and 2017 the legislative framework was changed twelve times, according with different emergency ordinances, government decisions and laws, in order to complete the restitution process – in kind or by compensation –of the real estate’s abusively taken during the communist regime. In this paper we want to highlight the incident methodology and some specific issues encountered during the restitution process in a specific case study.

The paper presents a way of updating the parameters of representation and tracing of the structural elements to the water supply networks in the execution or rehabilitation phase. Between the design phase and the construction phase of the pipe network components there are divergences in the field tracing. This situation arises, in particular, in the execution of rehabilitation works for water supply pipes. The case study on the rehabilitation works of the Timisesti - Iasi adduction pipeline that underlines the river Moldova confirms the necessity of changes in time of the topographic documentation of the execution. The morphological changes of the Moldova River bed during the period between the implementation of the rehabilitation project and its application in practice necessitated the modification of the situation plan and of the longitudinal profiles. The updating of the topographical documentation was carried out during the start of the execution of the works (plans for the location of the constructions and installations) and then during the rehabilitation works (longitudinal and transversal profiles).

The present work consists in taking photogrammetric images with the help of the drones, making their mosaic and georeferencing of the orthophotoplan resulting in the national stereographic projection system 1970. The flight took place at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat, King Mihai I of Romania, in Timisoara. Also, 15 targets were measured in the 1970 stereographic projection, based on GNSS technology. To achieve these objectives, the following equipment was used: PHANTOM 4 ADVANCED drones, GPS GS08, the 15 targets as well as the ArcGIS, PIX4D, SKYCATCH (iOS) data processing software’s.

GIS models are currently used in many areas of activity where they combine field data, maps, plans and applications to provide useful information in the shortest possible time. A new field of applications for GIS models is the in-service monitoring of the water networks. GIS models are made in different programs, ArcMap, Autocad and are structured on custom layouts. Work layers require attachment of data banks for characteristic parameters of the water supply system. Management is more effective in a monitoring program using GIS applications, based on the speed of work and the complexity of the attached data. Thematic maps, work reports and mathematical models for design and exposition in a relatively short time can be developed through GIS models. The monitoring is done both for the entire water supply system and separately for each construction and water-supply system in part.

The study of land cover changes is very important to have proper planning and utilization of natural resources and their management. The aim of this paper is to classify the study area, for two different time periods and to analyses the change detection using free-of-charge Sentinel-1 data. For this case study, dual-polarization (VV+VH) Interferometric Wide swath mode (IW) data collected on August 16th 2017 and October 11st 2017, over South-Est of Romania, were used. Pre-processing and processing were conducted using ESA Sentinel-1 toolbox (S1TBX) in the Sentinel Application Platform provided by ESA. Data have been calibrated, terrain corrected, and classified using supervised classification. The training and test data have been collected from Sentinel- 2 images

he importance of the general cadastre is that it provides the real-world data of a real-estate needed in all branches of the national economy. At the same time, the cadastre is a very important tool for market economy because it provides documents that give security to transactions that take place on the real estate market. The attributions of the agricultural cadastre are the basis for obtaining information on the quantity and quality of the land, serving as a purpose to solve financial problems such as investments, modernization, taxation and the other like this. The realization of the agricultural cadastre at national level is made by determining the parcel areas, taking into account the land use categories, the holders, the owners, the forms of exploitation and the administrative territories, this thing being possible by drawing up the agricultural cadastral plan and the writable cadastral documentation based on technical norms and instructions.

Urban built-up areas are vast stretches of constructed areas equipped with basic public facilities. Urban built-up area information is necessary in numerous applications of land use planning and management. The detection and calculation of the built-up area with the highest possible accuracy is of big importance in agricultural urban and suburban studies. Urban built-up area extraction from Landsat data, which has moderate spatial resolution, is challenging because of important intraurban heterogeneity and spectral confusion between other landcover types. In this paper is used a method to extract urban built-up surface from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus data and determines urban area changes between 1994 to 2016 of Iasi Municipal Area of Romania. The Enhanced Built-Up Bareness Index (EBBI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) were selected, to define three major urban landuse (LU) classes: built-up and barren or bare land, vegetation and open waterbody. In this paper built-up area was extracted as difference between indices EBBI, SAVI, MNDWI to eliminate water noises and vegetation, the obtained index image was spectrally sectioned to separate built-up area from the nonurban built-up lands. The obtained index is used to extract built-up area for 1994 and 2016 periods. Built-up area showed an overall growth about 203% in a span of 22 years. The accuracy of this index is 88.72%

A GIS database is the foundation for performant mining management. In the following article the authors propose the presentation of a geographic database with reference to Dealul Hulei-Mateia? limestone quarry, Arge? county, Romania.

The study area is of particular importance in terms of the morphological complex processes of the riverbed. Bala branch is defined by intense hydro morphological dynamics areas. At the same time, Old Danube is characterized by sediment deposition processes, as evidenced by the presence of numerous islands and sandbanks, with negative implications for navigation. In this context, in order to create hydrodynamic and morphodynamic models using Delft3D software, it is necessary to develop a bathymetric model that allows to provide results that are in line with reality. At the basis of the bathymetric model are the results obtained from the single beam and multi-beam measurements and the optimized grid which was refined in the hydrotechnical construction area

Obtaining an improved construction quality, choosing optimal solutions from the socio-economic point of view, can be attained by completing the strength and stability calculation with laboratory experimental research on models and with measurements and observations on constructions at full scale, made by means of machines and high-tech methods.Geodetic methods, by the high precision of measurements as well as the methods for data processing and estimation of the quality of results, represent a basic system in the extensive process of experimental study of constructions, in many respects being irreplaceable.The paper introduces a direct calculation algorithm of the horizontal deformation vector of the studied construction, using precision geodetic measurements, the method of conditional measurements and a mathematical model to estimate accuracy results

The determination of the vector of horizontal deformations of the studied constructions, subjected to a complex of static and dynamic forces, is done by several geodetic precision methods, the most used in the case of massive constructions being micro-triangulation. It also includes fixed / station points, made in non-deflecting soils and outside the area of influence of the studied construction. From these, cyclic geodesic measurements are made to the control points fixed on the construction, which change their spatial position with the construction. Based on the angular and linear cyclical measurements, the vector of the horizontal deformation at each control point on the construction is determined. In this sense, the station points must have a fixed position in space, so that the differences between the cyclical measurements to be only due to the changes in the position of the studied construction. In conclusion, in each observation cycle it is mandatory to check / test the stability conditions in the position of the fixed station points, against which the positions of the control points on the construction are reported. There are presented some ways to test station point stability with respect to the reference and orientation points, within the time interval between two observation cycles.

At the moment on the territory of the Republic of Moldova there is massive evidence, elaboration of technical data sheets and rules for exploitation of lakes / ponds. These regulate the regulation of storage lakes / ponds regulating the general criteria for the exploitation of water accumulations regardless of the type of property built according to the requirements of the normative and legal acts in force for the purpose of their correct and sustainable exploitation and applies to anything natural person or legal entity that owns and manages reservoirs/ponds. For this it is necessary to collect parameters such as: dam dimensions, elevation of the dam, water discharge devices and bottom drainage. Efficient exploitation is achieved if accurate measurements of the area of the water mirror surface are at different levels, such as normal, hard and minimally acceptable, but we also need cadastral and legal data.

The existence of adverse environmental conditions may reduce the value of a real estate property, so the appraisers must identify the factors and conditions that influence this value. One of the environmental factors that may influence the real estate value is climate. The paper presents the analysis of thermal comfort in a hot summer day, in the central area of Cluj-Napoca City. The results show an overview of the climate in this urban area in the mentioned period and can be used to analyse the best use of the property. In order to appraise a real estate property, the appraisers must take into account how the thermal comfort can influence the value of the real estate property.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) is a modern software tool which allow the collection of referenced data, the storage, organisation, viewing, integration and interpretation of information with a spatial component, so that it the relations between them are understood and that the patterns and tendencies may be established. The Land Information System of a municipality is a very important and complex system, achieving a strong scientific and information basis accessible for the assistance of activities which support the decision-making process in local government, a major factor in making the qualitative level of geo-spatial information domains more efficient. The main purpose of the GIS project is to organise a coherent database that would contain information regarding the installations and equipment in the distribution network and to correlate the information with their position, represented through maps and digital plans.

By its nature, the Earth has always been considered as a means of production without which life would not have existed, being limited as a surface, stable and irreplaceable, people transforming it into a good whose value has been established to the point. As a real estate, both the land and the constructions on it, have been subject to tax and tax records. At the same time, these records made it possible to establish the property right at the same time as creating the premise for its transmission in different situations. The success of land reform, the consolidation of democratic structures and the organization of society cannot be achieved without clear evidence of land ownership and ownership. Achieving evidence of real estate within an administrative territory now involves the execution of some complex works that allow highlighting the three aspects of a building: technical, economic and legal, so that can be created a complex record of the entire land fund in Romania.

This article details field research conducted at the Epurasu branch of the Danube River that sought to investigate the influence of newly constructed hydrotehnical structures. The study area was surveyed with two vessels, aiming to investigate the morphology and flow field characterizing this secondary branch and to provide data in order to observe the state of the riverbed and bedforms, velocity, and possible morphologic changes. The first vessel was equipped with a multibeam echosounder and on the second one an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used. The results of the research revealed changes in the riverbed morphology and highly detailed imagery of the riverbed and of the hydrotehnical works.

The need to develop land relations and the emergence of property relations highlighted some of their peculiarities and namely the spatial aspect of land relations. As part of cadastre, terrestrial measurements have been applied under the influence of law as a social category of land relations. Land rights have their peculiarities and namely: location, formation, development and protection. Any land right is obligatorily accompanied by its spatial aspect. The issue related to the land right connection to space is still current nowadays. The form and content of the land rights is in a permanent evolution as well as their location in space. Historically, the land right evolved from a simple spatial layout in a horizontal plane to the formation of the 3D and 4D property right. The object of our study relates to the interaction of land rights as a social category and the measurement process within the multifunctional cadastral system. Also the author mentions that, in the study, the land rights are examined through the prism of land ownership and land measurements as a need to identify physically the property right on the ground. In the cadastral field, land measurements have been developed including at the request of such processes as: land valuation, land use, protection of limited natural resources, etc.

The Prut - Barlad Water Basinal Administration has a complex program of observations and hydro meteorological measurements. For a number of 22 reservoirs, special behavior monitoring is carried out, according to the Normative for the Monitoring of Hydrotechnical Constructions NP 087-2003. The main external stresses monitored at the dams of these accumulations are: rainfall, temperatures, water level in the lake. A study period of 17 years between 1999 and 2016 was chosen for the analysis. The paper presents the multiannual evolution of the maximum water levels in the reservoirs chosen for the study

Over a relatively short period of time, the legislative framework of the Republic of Moldova has undergone a fundamental evolution: from state monopolism to private ownership of the land fund. Land legislation, which is dominated by private ownership, in the period 1992-2017, which we will consider as the current period, has also undergone, under the influence of economic relations and implementation of economic policies, a structural evolution by forming new types of rights with social, economic and ecological content. The main issue that has become current in the context of these developments is related to the recognition and protection of the newly formed rights. An important role in solving this crucial problem is given to the registration of the newly formed rights. The analysis of the created situation confirms its objective need and also the interaction between the land registration process (real estate as a whole) and the law development process. The lack of interaction and the denial of objectivity of this interaction represent the beginning of a social economic crisis. Current status of this situation is being studied in the Republic of Moldova.

This paper describes the design and measurement of an internal test facility for length measurements. The purpose of setting up this control baseline is mainly to verify precision instruments of a few millimeters such as geodetic total stations and laser scanner instruments for educational and research activities. The paper describes the measurement process for the baseline reference distances using an absolute laser tracker and the statistical results of the tests using the baseline for two proprietary total stations